[Grammar in Use Unit 26] Can vs Could vs Was able to / Managed to

โ€ขStudy Notes

์˜์–ด๋กœ "ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” could์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ „ ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ํšŒํ™”๋‚˜ ์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ could ๋งŒ ๊ณ„์† ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์›์–ด๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฏธ(๊ฐ€์ •๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ์ถ”์ธก)๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์˜ค๋Š˜ Unit 26์—์„œ๋Š” can, could, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  be able to (๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•: was/were able to) / managed to์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์“ฐ์ž„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์Šตํ•ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.


1. Can / Be able to

can์€ "๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์€ ์ƒํƒœ"๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ์ƒ ๋Œ€ํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” can์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์˜๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ƒ can์„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ can์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ณ€ํ™”(์›ํ˜•, ์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•, ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ)๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœbe able to์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

1.1. be able to๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์˜ˆ์‹œ

  • ํ˜„์žฌ์™„๋ฃŒ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ (have/has been able to)
    • I haven't can sleep recently. (์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ์ค‘๋ณต/ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€)
    • I haven't been able to sleep recently. (๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ž ์„ ์ž˜ ์ž˜ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด.)
  • To ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ(to + ๋™์‚ฌ์›ํ˜•) ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
    • I'm sorry to not can come. (X)
    • I'm sorry to not be able to come. (๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•ด.)
  • ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ๋’ค์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•  ๋•Œ
    • Tom might can help you. (X)
    • Tom might be able to help you. (ํ†ฐ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ.)

2. Could์™€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ/์ธ์ง€ ๋™์‚ฌ

could๋Š” can์˜ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐํ˜•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ "์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ~ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ค๊ฐ(Sensory) ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€(Cognitive) ๋™์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ์นœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ์ž์ฃผ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ๋™์‚ฌ: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand

์˜ˆ๋ฌธ

  • My grandfather could speak five languages.
    • (์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” 5๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ
  • As soon as we walked into the room, we could smell gas.
    • (๋ฐฉ์— ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์ž๋งˆ์ž ๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์‚ฌ smell๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„
  • I could see the mountains clearly from my bedroom window.
    • (์นจ์‹ค ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ๋˜๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.)
  • We could hear music coming from the apartment next door.
    • (์˜†์ง‘์—์„œ ์Œ์•… ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค.)
  • She could feel her heart beating fast as she stood on the stage.
    • (๋ฌด๋Œ€์— ์„ฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋А๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • I couldn't remember where I had left my car keys.
    • (์ฐจ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์— ๋‘์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • Even though he explained it twice, I couldn't understand what he meant.
    • (๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.)

3. Could vs Was/Were able to vs Managed to

์˜์–ด๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ '์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ'์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ, ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ '์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด ๋‚ธ ์ผ'์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ์กฐ๋™์‚ฌ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ/์ƒํƒœ: could / was able to (๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)
  • ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต: was/were able to / managed to (could ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ!)

โ‘  ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ (General Ability)

๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Š˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ• ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ could์™€ was/were able to๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • My grandfather could speak five languages.
    • (ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” 5๊ฐœ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • My grandfather was able to speak five languages.
  • When I was younger, I could run a marathon in under three hours.
    • (๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ผํ†ค์„ 3์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋‚ด๋กœ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • She could read and write before she even started school.
    • (๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•™๊ต์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ์ฝ๊ณ  ์“ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค.)
  • In those days, we could buy a decent meal for just five dollars.
    • (๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ˆ 5๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • He could play the guitar exceptionally well when he was in high school.
    • (๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ ๋•Œ ๊ธฐํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹œ๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์ณค์—ˆ๋‹ค.)

โ‘ก ํŠน์ • ๋‹จ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ/์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต (Specific Situation)

ํ™”์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‹œํ—˜์— ๊ฒจ์šฐ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ผํ™”์—์„œ "์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒจ์šฐ/์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” could๋ฅผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ , was/were able to๋‚˜ managed to๋ฅผ ์จ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • The fire spread quickly, but everybody could escape. (๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€)
  • The fire spread quickly, but everybody was able to escape.
    • (๋ถˆ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์‚ฌํžˆ ํƒˆ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค/์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.)
  • I didn't know where Max was, but I could find him in the end. (๋ถ€์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€)
  • I didn't know where Max was, but I managed to find him in the end.
    • (๋งฅ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—” (๊ฒจ์šฐ๊ฒจ์šฐ) ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.)

๐Ÿ’ก managed to์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค: was able to๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด๋‚˜ ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ์ปธ์Œ์„ ์•”์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, "์˜จ๊ฐ– ๊ณ ์ƒ ๋์— ํž˜๊ฒน๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‚ด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.


4. Couldn't

๊ธ์ •๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” 'ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต'์— could๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ(couldn't)์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ์—†์ด ์ „๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด๋“ , ํŠน์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ผ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด couldn't ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  • My grandfather couldn't swim.
    • (ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํ•  ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์…จ๋‹ค.) โž” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ
  • We tried our best, but we couldn't find Max. (= We tried our best, but we weren't able to find Max.)
    • (์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งฅ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ์‹คํŒจ
  • I looked everywhere, but I couldn't find my passport.
    • (์˜จ ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋’ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ์‹คํŒจ
  • The test was so difficult that none of the students could finish it in time.
    • (์‹œํ—˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์„œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋๋‚ธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ์‹คํŒจ
  • I was so exhausted last night that I couldn't stay awake during the movie.
    • (์–ด์ œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด์„œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์กธ์Œ์„ ์ฐธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.) โž” ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ ์‹คํŒจ
  • He couldn't swim when he was ten, but now he is a great swimmer.
    • (์—ด ์‚ด ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ํ•  ์ค„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์ง€๋งŒ, ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.) โž” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ

๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„ ์˜ˆ์‹œ ๋ฐ ๋‰˜์•™์Šค
ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ/๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ can / be able to I can swim. / I haven't been able to sleep.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ could / was able to She could play the piano when she was 5.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ was able to / managed to I managed to pass the driving test on the first try.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹คํŒจ/๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ couldn't / wasn't able to I couldn't open the door yesterday.

๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉฐ

  1. can์„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ƒ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ(์™„๋ฃŒํ˜•, to ๋ถ€์ •์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ)์—๋Š” be able to๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
  2. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ํ‰์†Œ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋™์‚ฌ(see, hear ๋“ฑ)์—๋Š” could๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
  3. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ "์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋šซ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” could๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ was/were able to ๋˜๋Š” managed to๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. (๋‹จ, ๋ถ€์ •๋ฌธ์€ couldn't๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ)

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ •๋ง ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์›์–ด๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋–ค๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์—†์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€. ์–ด๋–ค ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต์„ ํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Unit 26 ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ… ์—์„œ ๋ต™๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋“ค ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋„ ํ™”์ดํŒ…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค!